A Community Survey on Association of Sociodemographic Characteristics with Risk Perception and Awareness about Oral Cancer in Lagos, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the level of oral cancer awareness and risk factors perception and the relationship between this awareness and the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted among rural and urban residents in Lagos State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling method was utilized. The sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of respondents, as well as their knowledge about oral cancer risk factors, were assessed with a validated questionnaire. The bivariate association was done using an independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. Multivariate regression was used to determine the association between predictor variables and oral cancer knowledge scores. The statistical significance level is set at p<0.05. Results: 590 participants between 18 and 82 years (mean age 34.5 ±13.7) completed the survey. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 25.7%, of which 16 (1.5%) were heavy smokers (20+ cigarettes per day). The prevalence of alcohol consumption was 66.1%, with 57 (9.7%) being heavy drinkers, consuming drinks for 5-7 days of the week. A high proportion of the respondents (>60%) exhibited gaps in their knowledge of oral cancer. Uneducated participants had lower oral cancer knowledge than those with >12 years of formal education (aOR = 5.347; 95% CI: 4.987-6.240). Participants who were smokers had lower oral cancer knowledge compared with non-smokers (aOR = 3.341; 95% CI: 2.147-4.783); Participants who consumed alcohol had more deficient oral cancer knowledge compared with non-drinkers (aOR = 1.699; 95% CI: 1.087-2.655); While heavy smokers aOR = 4.023; 95% CI: 3.615-4.825) and heavy drinkers aOR = 4.331; 95% CI: 3.158-5.939) had lower oral cancer knowledge compared with those who did not abuse both substances. Conclusion: A high proportion of the respondents exhibited gaps in their knowledge of oral cancer in their responses. Delayed diagnosis of oral cancer can be reduced by increasing the awareness and knowledge of the populace about risk factors and also in the recognition of its signs and symptoms.

Factors associated with death among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Lagos State, Nigeria: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Background: Lagos State has the highest burden of COVID-19 in Nigeria. We assessed associated factors with death from COVID-19 among hospitalized patients in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using de-identified records of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted into 15 isolation centers in Lagos State between February 27, 2020, and September 30, 2020. Results: A total of 2,858 COVID -19 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 41.9±15.5 years. A higher proportion of patients were males (65.8%), asymptomatic (55.5%), had no comorbid condition (72.2%) and had the mild disease (73.8%). The case fatality rate was 6.5%. The odds of death from COVID-19 infection increased by 4% with every increase in age (AOR 1.04, 95%CI 1.03­1.05, p<0.001). The chance of dying was 50%-fold more among males (AOR 1.5, 95%CI 1.0 ­ 2.2, p = 0.042), 60%-fold more among patients with comorbidity (AOR 1.6, 95%CI 1.3 ­ 2.4, p = 0.037) and 9-fold more among patients with severe COVID-19 infection (AOR 9.6, 95% CI 4.9 ­ 19.1, p <0.001). Conclusion: The odds of dying was higher among males, the elderly, patients with comorbidity and severe COVID-19

Moving in the right direction: tobacco packaging and labeling in the Americas / Avanzar en la dirección correcta: empaquetado y etiquetado del tabaco en la Región de las Américas / No rumo certo: embalagem e etiquetagem de produtos de tabaco nas Américas

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the adoption of tobacco packaging and labeling policies based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)'s Article 11 guidelines, in the WHO Region of the Americas (AMRO). Methods. We reviewed tobacco control laws in AMRO from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' Tobacco Control Laws database. We analyzed four sub-policy areas for smoked and smokeless tobacco products: 1) health warning labels (HWLs), 2) constituents and emissions (C&Es), 3) misleading tobacco packaging and labeling, and 4) standardized "plain" packaging. Results. Of 35 countries in AMRO, 31 have tobacco packaging and labeling laws. Twenty-six countries require pictorial HWLs, 24 require warnings printed on at least 50% of the front and back of the packs, and 24 rotate a single or multiple (from 2 to 16) warnings within a specified period (from 5 up to 24 months). Only 21 countries require descriptive messages on toxic C&Es information. Twenty-seven countries ban brand descriptors with references to implied harm reduction (e.g., "light"), 24 ban figures, colors, and other signs, but only 13 prohibit emission yields printed on the packs. Only Canada and Uruguay have adopted standardized tobacco packaging while Uruguay also requires a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family. Conclusion. Many countries in AMRO have made good progress in adopting multiple, rotating, large pictorial HWLs and banning misleading brand descriptors. However, there needs to be greater attention on other tobacco packaging and labeling provisions with a focus on implementing standardized tobacco packaging.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la adopción de las políticas de empaquetado y etiquetado de los productos de tabaco basadas en las Directrices del Artículo 11 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en la Región de las Américas de la OMS. Métodos. Se examinaron las leyes de control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas de la base de datos de legislación para el control del tabaco de la organización Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Se analizaron cuatro subáreas de políticas sobre los productos de tabaco para fumar y sin humo: 1) etiquetas de advertencia sanitaria; 2) componentes y emisiones; 3) empaquetado y etiquetado engañoso del tabaco, y 4) empaquetado "neutro" estandarizado. Resultados. De los 35 países de la Región, 31 disponen de leyes de empaquetado y etiquetado de los productos de tabaco. Veintiséis países requieren etiquetas de advertencia sanitaria con imágenes, 24 requieren advertencias impresas en al menos 50% de la parte frontal y posterior de los paquetes, y en 24 se rotan una o varias advertencias (entre 2 y 16) en un período específico (entre 5 y 24 meses). Solo 21 países requieren mensajes descriptivos sobre componentes y emisiones tóxicos. Veintisiete países prohíben los descriptores de marca con referencias a una supuesta reducción de daños (por ejemplo, "suaves"), 24 prohíben imágenes, colores y otros símbolos, aunque solo 13 prohíben que las cifras de emisiones figuren en los paquetes. Únicamente Canadá y Uruguay han adoptado un empaquetado estandarizado de los productos de tabaco, si bien en Uruguay también es obligatoria una presentación única (variante de marca) por familia de marca. Conclusión. Muchos países de la Región han logrado avances en la adopción de diferentes etiquetas rotativas de advertencia sanitaria con imágenes de gran tamaño y en la prohibición de descriptores de marca engañosos. Sin embargo, es necesario prestar mayor atención a otras disposiciones sobre el empaquetado y el etiquetado de los productos de tabaco destinadas a la aplicación de un empaquetado estandarizado de estos productos.

RESUMO Objetivos. Avaliar a adoção de políticas de embalagem e etiquetagem de produtos de tabaco com base nas diretrizes do Artigo 11 da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco (FCTC) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), na Região das Américas da OMS. Métodos. As leis de controle do tabaco na AMR foram examinadas com base no banco de dados das Leis de Controle do Tabaco da Campanha para Crianças Livres do Tabaco. Foram analisadas quatro subáreas de política para produtos de tabaco queimados/combustíveis e não geradores de fumaça: 1) advertências sanitárias, 2) componentes e emissões (C&E), 3) embalagem e etiquetagem enganosa de produtos de tabaco e 4) embalagem padronizada. Resultados. Dos 35 países da AMR, 31 têm leis sobre a embalagem e etiquetagem de produtos de tabaco. Vinte e seis países exigem imagens de advertência, 24 exigem advertências impressas que ocupem pelo menos 50% da frente (face anterior) e do verso (face posterior) das embalagens e 24 realizam rodízio de uma ou várias (de 2 a 16) advertências dentro de um período especificado (de 5 a 24 meses). Apenas 21 países exigem mensagens descritivas sobre C&E tóxicos. Vinte e sete países proíbem os descritores que levem a uma falsa impressão de redução de danos (por exemplo, "light") e 24 proíbem o uso de figuras, cores e outros indicadores, mas apenas 13 proíbem a impressão do teor de emissões nas embalagens. Somente o Canadá e o Uruguai adotaram embalagens padronizadas para produtos de tabaco, e o Uruguai também exige uma única apresentação (uma variante de marca) por família de produto. Conclusão. Muitos países na AMR têm avançado na adoção de advertências sanitárias pictóricas, múltiplas, grandes e com rotatividade, bem como na proibição de termos enganosos nas embalagens. Porém, é preciso dar mais atenção a outras disposições sobre a embalagem e a etiquetagem dos produtos de tabaco, com foco na implementação de embalagens padronizadas.